305
The first tetrach statues are carved; the group built into the corner of San Marco cathedral in Venice, Italy, is an example.

353
Chinese calligrapher Wang Xi-zhi produces "Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion" in running script style. It becomes a model for future calligraphers.

600
The Mayan civilization reaches its peak in this century, with complex temples and sophisticated architecture and sculpture.

653
Arab raiders break up and remove the remains of the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.

1115
The richly carved tympanum above the doorway of the abbey church of Moissac, France, signals the revival of sculpture in western Europe.

1260
The sculptor Nicola Pisano carves the pulpit in the baptistry of Pisa Cathedral, Italy. It marks the revival of a form of sculpture clearly based on classical models.

1265�1268
Nicola Pisano collaborates with his son Giovanni on the sculpting of the pulpit in Siena Cathedral, Italy.

1403 The Dutch artist Claus Sluter completes his carving of the Well of Moses, a fountain for the abbey of Chartreuse de Champmol, in Dijon, France.

1409 The Italian artist Donatello (Donato di Niccolo) sculpts David, his first version of this subject.

1411 The Russian artist Andrey Rublev paints The Old Testament Trinity, one of the finest Russian works of the period.

1420 Flemish artist brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck develop the technique of painting using oils as a medium to hold the pigment.

1440 The Italian artist Donatello (Donato di Niccolo) sculpts his bronze David, the first free-standing, life-sized nude of the Renaissance. Suggested dates for this work vary widely from 1430 to 1460.

 

1473 The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci paints The Annunciation, thought to be his first independent painting.

1484 The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci paints the first version of The Madonna of the Rocks (Louvre version).

1495 The Flemish artist Hieronymus Bosch paints The Hay Wain Triptych, the first of his fantastical visions of the struggle between good and evil.

1497 The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci completes The Last Supper, a fresco in the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. His experiments with new media are unsuccessful and within a few years it begins to deteriorate.

1498 The German artist Albrecht Durer completes his Apocalypse, a set of woodcuts.

1500 The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) completes his sculpture Pieta.

1503 The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (La Gioconda), a portrait of Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherardini, the wife of a leading Florentine official. It will become one of the best-known paintings in the world.

1504 The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) completes his sculpture David, which is widely praised when set up in a square in Florence.

1513 The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) sculpts Moses, intended as the centerpiece of the tomb of Pope Julius II.

1538 The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Venus of Urbino.

1540 A tapestry factory is opened in Florence, Italy, under the patronage of the Medici family.

1541 The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) completes his fresco The Last Judgment, painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, Italy. He began work in 1536.

1554 The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Dana�.

1555 The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) sculpts his second Piet�. Originally meant for his own tomb, it is left unfinished. .

1560 The Italian artist Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) paints Venus with a Mirror.

1563 The Flemish artist Pieter Brueghel paints The Tower of Babel.

1568 The Italian artist and art historian Giorgio Vasari publishes the second, enlarged version of his Vite dei piu eccellenti pittori, scultori, e archittetti/Lives of the Most Imminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. The first volume appeared in 1550.

1575 Opaque white "milk glass", the first European imitations of Chinese porcelain, is made in Italy in Venice and Florence.

1575Francesco Maria de' Medici creates the first porcelain china in Europe, in Venice and Florence, Italy.

1609 The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints Self-Portrait with His First Wife, Isabella Brant.

1625 The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens completes The Medici Cycle of Paintings, which has occupied him for four years. The 22 pictures are to decorate a wing of the Luxembourg Palace in Paris, France.

1632 The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp.

1635 The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints Self-portrait with Saskia and Saskia in Arcadian Costume.

1642 The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, better known as The Night Watch.

1643 The Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini completes his Triton Fountain in the Piazza Barberini, Rome.

1666 The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Jewish Bride.

1710 The world's first mass production porcelain factory is founded at Meissen, in Germany, overseen by Johann Bottger.

1743 The Capo-di-Monte porcelain factory is set up in Naples, Italy. It specializes in soft-paste figurines.

1765 The Japanese artist Suzuki Harunobu publishes his woodblock print Interior With a Girl and Her Maid. Harunobu develops multicolored printing, which brings a greater sophistication to Japanese woodblock art.

1771 The English pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood opens his new pottery works in Etruria, near Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, England. It is here that he will create his famous "jasperwares" with their distinctive neoclassical relief decorations, some designed by the English artist John Flaxman.

1775 Queen Juliane Marie of Denmark teams up with entrepreneurs to found the Royal Copenhagen Porcelain Manufactory, which she owns by 1779.

1788 The Japanese artist Kitagawa Utamaro publishes his series of woodblock prints Poem of the Pillow. Among the best-known of these erotic scenes is Lovers on a Balcony.

1799 The Spanish artist Francesco de Goya publishes Los Caprichos, a set of etchings that bitterly satirize Spanish society and the church. They are seized by the Inquisition.

1801 The Elgin marbles (ancient Greek sculptures collected by the Earl of Elgin, mostly from the Acropolis in Athens, Greece) are brought to London, England. They are placed in the British Museum in 1816.

1804 The Society of Painters in Water-Colours (later called the Water Colour Society) is founded, in England.

1809 A group of artists form the Brotherhood of Saint Luke (later known as the Nazarenes) in Vienna, Austria, to regenerate German religious art by returning to the styles of the early Italian Renaissance. The leading figure is the German artist Friedrich Johann Overbeck.

1810 The Spanish artist Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes begins his series of engravings Los desasters de la guerra/The Disasters of War, which he completes in about 1815 They are not published until 1863.

1819 The Prado in Madrid, Spain, opens as the national museum of fine art.

1831 The "Barbizon School" of artists, including Jean-Francois Millet and Pierre Rousseau, first exhibit in the Salon in Paris, France.

1834 The Swiss wax modeler Marie Tussaud opens her waxwork exhibition in London, England.

1843 The English writer and art critic John Ruskin publishes the first volume of his five-volume Modern Painters, a broad-ranging discussion of art which defends the works of J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) Turner. The last volume appears in 1860.

1844 The English artist J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) Turner paints Rain, Steam, and Speed, the first major art work to feature a train.

1848 The English artists William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti found the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Rejecting the materialism and industrialization of Victorian England, they seek an art which has the moral and religious integrity of the medieval world.

1855 The French artist Gustave Courbet paints The Artist's Studio. When it is rejected by the official committee selecting works for the Paris Exposition Universelle (World Fair), he sets up his own exhibition, the Pavillion du Realisme (realist Pavilion), at the Exposition.

1863 French emperor Napoleon III orders a special exhibition in Paris of works of art refused by the Academy-the "Salon des Refuses."

1866 The National Archeological Museum is established in Athens, Greece, to house the world's best collection of Greek antiquities.

1867 The Paris Exposition Universelle (World Fair) in France, introduces Japanese art to the West. Its influence can be seen in the works of artists as varied as Degas, Whistler, and van Gogh.

1869 The French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir paints Le Grenouillere.

1872 The French artist Claude Monet paints Impression: Sunrise. It is this painting which gives impressionism its name.

1874 The first impressionist exhibition is held in Paris, France, with works by (among others) Cezanne, Degas, Pissarro, and Sisley.

1876 The French artist (Hilaire-Germain-) Edgar Degas paints Ballet Rehearsal, The Glass of Absinthe, and Place de la Concorde.

1878 The Egyptian obelisk, Cleopatra's Needle, from the ancient city of Heliopolis, is removed from Alexandria, Egypt to London, England.

1878 The French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir paints Portrait of Mme. Charpentier and Her Children.

1882 The Irish writer Oscar Wilde delivers his "Lectures on the Decorative Arts" in Canada and the United States, explaining the principles of the aesthetic movement.

1884 "Les Vingt/The Twenty," an exhibiting society, is founded by the Belgian artist James Ensor in Brussels. It is supported by artists such as the French painters Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, and by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The society ceases to exhibit in 1894.

1886 The eighth and last impressionist art exhibition is held in Paris, France.

October 28, 1886 The Statue of Liberty is dedicated on Liberty Island (Bedloe's Island) in New York Harbour, New York by U.S. president Grover Cleveland. Designed by the French artist Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, on a frame built by Gustave Eiffel, it was presented to the United States by the French government to celebrate the 100th anniversary of U.S. independence. Made of copper, it is 46 m/152 ft high. Its full name is Liberty Enlightening the World.

1888 The Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Sunflowers and The Night Cafe.

1889 The Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Olive Trees.

1890 The Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Portrait of Dr. Gachet.

1890 The French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints Dance at the Moulin Rouge.

1893 The Norwegian artist Edvard Munch paints The Scream.

1894 The French artist Claude Monet paints his Rouen Cathedral series.

1897 The commercial art nouveau Gallery opens in Paris, France with an exhibition of paintings by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch. The gallery gives its name to art nouveau or "new art" style.

1900 The art dealer Ambroise Vollard holds the first exhibition of works by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, in Paris, France.

1900 The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso arrives in Paris and paints Moulin de la Galette, his first French painting.

1907 At the art gallery Salon d'Automne in Paris, France, there is retrospective of the works of the French artist Paul Cezanne. The exhibition has an important impact on the development of 20th-century art.

1909 The Italian writer and publicist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti publishes 'First Futurist Manifesto" in the French newspaper Le Figaro. This launches the Futurist movement in the visual arts.

1909 The Victoria and Albert Museum in South Kensington, London, England, is opened. Its collection of arts and crafts is one of the finest in the world.

1910 The exhibition "Manet and the postimpressionist" is held at the Grafton Galleries in London, England. Organized by the English art critic Roger Fry (who coined the term "postimpressionist"), it has a major impact on the development of British art.

July 20, 1910 The Christian Endeavor Society of Missouri launches a crusade to ban movies showing kissing between unmarried couples.

1911 The expressionist art group Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) is founded in Munich, Germany. Leading figures include the Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky and the German artists Franz Marc, August Macke and Gabriele M�nter.

1912 The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso creates one of the first collages (a picture incorporating ready-made images) with the painting Still Life with Chair Caning.

December 1913 Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, missing since 1911, is recovered; the thief, Vincenzo Perugia, claims he was retaliating against France for taking Italian art works from Italy.

1916 The dada movement (producing iconoclastic "antiart" works) emerges in Z�rich in Switzerland, its leading figures including the Romanian writer Tristan Tzara and the French artist Hans Arp. It lasts until the early 1920s, when it is absorbed by surrealism.

1917 The French writer Guillaume Apollinaire (pseudonym of Guillelmus Apollinaris de Kostrowitzky) coins the term "surrealist," which he uses to describe the costumes and stage designs by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso for the ballet Parade performed in Paris, France, by the Ballets Russes in 1917.

1920 Stalin's disapproval of the avant-garde leads to the departure of many artists from Russia. Kasimir Malevich and Vladimir Tatlin remain.

November 4, 1922 The English archeologist Howard Carter discovers the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamen in Luxor, Egypt, the only ancient Egyptian pharaoh's tomb discovered complete with grave goods.

1925 The first surrealist exhibition is held, at the Galerie Pierre in Paris, France.

1929 The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) opens in New York, New York, with exhibitions of works by Paul C�zanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Vincent van Gogh.

1931 The Spanish artist Salvador Dal� paints The Persistence of Memory, one of his best-known works.

1932 The Russian artist Kazimir Malevich, the originator of a form of abstract painting known as suprematism, paints The Red House.

1934 The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso engraves illustrations for an edition of the Ancient Greek Lysistrata, by Aristophanes.

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